РАБОЧАЯ ТЕТРАДЬ
 курса по выбору
«ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ЗДОРОВЬЕ»

Программа курса по выбору
по английскому языку для 10 класса

Автор: Кружнова Е.С.

учитель английского языка
средней школы № 30

г. Костанай,
2006

Unit I.
Ecology

The Environment Today

1. According to the passage, our ancestors...

A. were all "environmentally friendly".

B. respected and protected their environment.

C. were probably as selfish as modern people.

D. lived in harmony with nature.

2. The passage states that the great city of Ur was probably destroyed by...

A. fires.

B. the trees on the banks of the river Euphrates.

C. the anger of God.

D. floods after cutting down the trees.

(B) 2. Read the text. Choose two of the statements below which are wrong according to the text.

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

According to the text which TWO of the following statements are wrong?

A. The greenhouse effect only leads to disastrous consequences.

B. Without the greenhouse effect the climate on the earth would be much colder.

C. Because of global warming there is now an increased risk of drought and famine in parts of Africa and Asia.

D. If there is a rise in temperature of one or two degrees, the sea level will rise by about two millimetre a year.

(B) 3. "What can governments do to help the environment nowadays?" Read the composition and title each paragraph.

LISTENING

(A) 1. Listen to Jack's opinion about using animals for scientific research and decide whether the statements below are true or false according to the text.

DIFFICULT PROBLEMS

True (T) or False (F)?

1. Many people are against cruelty to animals in sport.

2. Some people think that it is not cruel to use animals for scientific research._____

3. Jack's mum works in a hospital._____

4. She cures animals._____

5. She creates new medicines and then tests them on animals._____

6. Jack agrees with his mum, that it's necessary to use animals for scientific research._____

(B) 2. You will hear five people talking about different environmental problems. Choose from the list A-F which problem each one is discussing. There is one extra letter which you will not need.

1. The tropical rainforests surround the equator of the earth like a belt. They occupy a total area of about nine million square kilometres. The largest rainforests are in South America. The rainforests are being cut down rapidly. Nobody knows exactly how much of this resource is cut down every year.

2. When we think of wildlife facing extinction, we are usually thinking of large majestic animals such as whales, elephants and rhinos, or of the "cuddly-black-and-white panda. These creatures are indeed under risk of extinction because of irresponsible and cruel hunting by human "predators".

3. The lower part of the stratosphere contains a band of warm gas called the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs very shortwave ultraviolet radiation - that is, the harmful, burning rays from the sun. These rays kill plants and cause burns, skin cancer, and cataracts in animals and humans.

4. Smog is very bad for health. In the famous London smog of 1952, about 4,000 people (mostly infants and the elderly) died in two weeks from chest diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia.

5. The Mediterranean Sea occupies 1 percent of the world's water surface. But it is the dumping ground for 50 percent of all marine pollution. Sixteen countries border on the Mediterranean. Almost all of them regularly dump shiploads of industrial waste a few miles off shore.

A. Water Pollution

B. Air Pollution

C. The Ozone Layer

D. The Destruction of Rainforests

E. Nuclear Waste

F. Threat to Wildlife

Speaker	1	2	3	4	5
Statement

(B+) 3. Listen again and for questions 1-5, complete the sentences with a word or a phrase.

1.___________ knows exactly how much of the rainforests is cut down every year.

2. When we think of wildlife facing extinction, we are usually thinking of large majestic animals ________, elephants and rhinos, or of the "cuddly" black-and-white panda.

3. Ozone absorbs very short wave ultraviolet radiation - that is, the________, burning rays from the sun.

4. In the famous London smog of______, about 4,000 people (mostly infants and the elderly) died in two weeks from chest diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia.

5. ____________ countries border on the Mediterranean.

VOCABULARY

(A) 1. Match the words and expressions from column A with the equivalents from column B:

1.	to make a prediction	a	to produce
2.	to look forward to	b	extinct
3	every day	с	to forecast
4.	still	d	changeable
5.	unstable	e	a habitat
6.	to dislike greatly	f	to expect
7.	hotness or warmth	g	to cure
8.	to bring about	h	to endanger
9.	very large in area	i	to destroy
10.	a heated glass building for growing young plants	j	modest
11.	no longer in existence	k	to include
12.	a seashore	l	heat
13.	easily broken	m	environment
14.	a place where someone or something is usually found	n	huge
15.	to treat medically	o	to pollute
16.	to ruin	p	a greenhouse
17.	to put in danger	q	fragile
18.	to hold or put within limits	r	prosperous
19.	that which surrounds	s	to injure
20.	to make unclean	t	a coast
21.	to remain alive	u	to hate
22.	a wall of bushes, small trees growing close together	v	calm
23.	characterized by good fortune; successful	w	a hedge
24.	characterized by a moderate estimation of oneself	x	daily
25.	to do harm to	y	to survive

(А) 2. Complete the sentences below using the words from the exercise above.

1. Our modern life is destroying the _________ environment.

2. Our _______ is precious. We must protect it.

3. How can we stop the ________ effect from getting worse?

4. Some illnesses are difficult ____________.

5. "Developments" that have made our lifestyle more comfortable all ________ the earth's atmosphere.

6. Nowadays many scientists say that some chemicals can _______ human life

7. Many species of animals have become_________.

8. Today people realise that the environment should be kept clean, if humanity wants

(A) 3. Word Puzzle Down:

1. The word _______ means simply the world around us. (11 letters)

Across:

1. Don't ______ wildlife. (7 letters)

2. They are asked to ______ trees. (5 letters)

3. Tropical rainforests ______ about nine million square kilometres. (5 letters)

4. Don't drop ______ when you walk down the street.

(6 letters)

5. Don't ____ garbage where it doesn't belong. (5 letters)

6. Don't _____ gardens by breaking trees and picking flowers. (5 letters)

7. An increase in the _____ effect may lead to global warming. (10 letters)

8. Building motor roads can _____ countryside. (6 letters)

9. Greenpeace helps to _____ nature. (7 letters)

10. Don't _____ for rare animals. (4 letters)

11. Most of the ______in big cities comes from cars and buses. (9 letters)

IV. USE OF ENGLISH

(A) 1. Read each sentence and write another sentence with the same meaning using passive constructions.

Example: They speak about environmental problems on TV and radio, and in the newspapers. The problems of the environment are spoken about on TV and radio, and in the newspapers.

1. Cars pollute the air.

2. We cut down trees.

3. People often leave glass bottles in the forest

4. We recycle newspapers, bottles and metal cans

5. Sometimes children break rules.

(A) 2. Complete the questions below and write your own answers.

Do you think about the future of the planet?

1. _____ are some global environmental problems?

2. _____ you like to join an environmental group?

3. _____ you ever planted trees?

4. _____ things do you do to reduce pollution?

5. _____ can you save energy at home?

6. _____ is it important to remember the three R's: reduce, reuse, recycle?

(B) 3. Read the text below. Use the word at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The use of animals for (1) purposes is a	science
difficult (2) issue. Many people owe their lives	ethics
to modern drugs or (3) techniques that were	surgery
first (4) on animals. Some of these	test
(5) would not have been possible without animal experiments. People who	develop
campaign for animal rights are usually young and (6) and	health
have not yet needed the benefits of (7) progress.	medicine
Perhaps it is ethically (8) to sacrifice animals for the sake of medical research, as long as the	accept
animals do not suffer. But that (9) standpoint raises two	theory
difficult questions: the first is what (10) as medical	count
research and the second, what counts as (11) ?	suffer

V. GRAMMAR

(A) 1. Match these tenses with the sentences below: Present Simple (Passive) Future Continuous; Past Simple; Past Continuous; Future Simple {will, going to); Present Perfect; Past Perfect

1. He is expected to make a report about mankind’s destructive influence on the environment.

2. I hadn't explored town centre before.

3. Our group is going to take part in a summer international program.

4. Pollution has already caused a large hole in the ozone layer and increased global warming.

5. Loss of plant species within the rainforests will mean that many heaving drugs will never be discovered.

6. The ancient Romans were pioneers of public health but they were very short-sighted about the health of the environment.

7. The rainforests are being cut down rapidly.

8. The volume of both industrial and domestic waste has increased dramatically over the past 50 years.

9. This time next week I'll be discussing traffic pollution.

(B) 2. Use the correct tense in these sentences:

1. During the past two hundred years, humankind (to invent) powerful technology.

2. If we (not to take) action to protect the earth's atmosphere, it soon (to become) unable to protect us.

3. Nowadays very many people in Russia (to protest) against water being polluted with industrial waste.

4. The earth probably (to contain) between 10 and 100 million different species.

5. By the end of the 19th century, the British people (to learn) that they should plan the growth of their towns and cities.

6 Man (to grow) crops for 10,000 years.

VI. PHRASAL VERBS

(A) 1. Match the phrasal verbs and idioms in list A with their meanings in list B.

V. GRAMMAR

	A		B
1.	to make up one's mind	a	to find information
2.	to set up	b	to decide
3.	to take up	с	to increase
4.	to give up	d	to go in for something
5.	to go up	e	to organise
6.	to look up	f	to stop doing something
7.	to catch up with somebody	g	to allow someone a short stay in your house
8.	to put up	h	to come from behind and reach the same position as someone else

(A) 2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of the verbs and idioms from list A above.

1 Did you __________ Alan at the bus stop yesterday?

2. Has he _______ what to do next?

3. Ann ______ writing articles for this newspaper.

4. He decided _______ a job with Greenpeace.

5. They ______ a meeting yet, so you can ask them to organise it in two days.

VII. SPEAKING

Give a talk on the topic: What can governments do to help the environment nowadays? Exercise 3 from section Reading will help you.

VIII. WRITING4

(A) 1. Here is what Lena wrote in her project about ecological problems in her hometown. Her project is convincing (убедительный). But there are eight mistakes. Correct them.

There is many of factories and plants in the my hometown. They throw a lot of chemicals and dirty into the air. They poison water in our lovely river. Fish can't to live in it. Both clean air and clean water are necessary of our health. Our factories, plants, cars and buses need in good filters. When they will have them?

Besides, I'm very concerned about that new roads destroy the countryside.

I think people should find the right balance between our natural environment, industry and the building of new roads.

(B+) 2. Write a composition entitled "Cars: Pros and Cons". The table below will help you.

CARS

Pros	Cons
A comfortable and convenient way of travelling.	The biggest single cause of air pollution.
Give freedom and independence.	Roads destroy countryside.
Can go where public transit can't.	Sitting in traffic jams is stressful and probably causes high blood pressure. Traffic accidents (many of them are fatal). Require parking space and fuel.

TEST

(A) 1. Choose the right answer. Only one answer is correct.

1. He never does his best. He spends _____ time preparing for his lessons.

a) little b) a little c) few d) a few

2. Life is _____ boring in the city.

a) less b) few c) fewer d) a few

3. Do you know what you _______ at this time tomorrow?

a) will be doing b) will do

c) will have done d) would do

4. If I _______ more about the ozone layer I _________ a better mark.

a) will know, will get b) knew, will get c) knew, got d) knew, would get

5. We haven't made up our ______ where to go next.

a) reason b) decision c) minds d)idea

6. When he came ______ this book he bought it immediately.

a) on b) across c) up d) to

7. That is good news. Tell me more about _____.

a) they b) them c) it d) its

8. Many people think that Chinese is the world's ____________language.

a) difficult b) more difficult

c) much more difficult d) most difficult

9. They won't continue their work until he _________

a) will ask them b) will ask they

c) asks them d) asks they

(B+) 2. Read the text below. Use the word at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The extinction of many species of birds has (1) ______________	DOUBT
been hastened by modern man; since 1600 it has been estimated that (2) ________100 bird	APPROXIMATE
species have become (3) ______ all over the world.	EXTINCTION
In North America, the first species (4) _________ to be	KNOW FLIGHT BEGIN
annihilated was the great auk, a (5) ________ bird
that served as an easy source of food and bait for Atlantic fisherman through the (6) _______
of the nineteenth century. (7) ______________ after the great auk's	SHORT
extinction, two other American species, the Carolina parakeet and the passenger pigeon in (8)__________________	CAPTIVE
both died in September 1914. In (9) __________ to	ADD
these extinct species, several others, such as the bald eagle, the peregrine falcon, and the California condor, are today recognised as (10) ____________________ steps are being taken to prevent their extinction.	DANGER

auk гагарка бескрылая

captive пленный, содержащийся в неволе

ACID RAIN

Write a short paragraph

Use these expressions/words:

make, cause, remove, however, also, consequences, increase, affect, as, a, result, of.

Make use of the information in the box.

THE ARAL SEA CATASTROPHE

(for intermediate and upper intermediate students)

1. Where is the Aral Sea situated?

2. Is it actually a sea or a lake?

3. The Aral Sea was formerly the world's largest lake. Do you know the other world's greatest lakes? What are they?

4. Why is the Aral Sea of great interest and increasing concern to scientists?

5. What's the reason of its remarkable shallowing in the second part of the 20'h century?

6. What's the climate like in the Aral Sea area?

7. What's the sea's average water temperature for July?

8. In what months and at what temperature does ice form in the Aral Sea?

9. What are the most significant factors affecting the water balance of the Aral Sea?

10. How many metres above sea level did the surface of the Aral Sea lie in 1960s?

11. What area did the surface of the Aral Sea cover in 1960s?

12. Why was the Aral Sea called «Sea of Islands»?

13. Why was the Aral Sea's water level systematically reduced from about 1960?

14. Why did the quantity of water brought to the Aral Sea by Syr Daria and Amu Daria drop in the last decades?

15. By what year did the two great rivers, during the summer months, actually dried up before they reached the Aral Sea?

16. What happened to the lake by the late 1980s?

17. What was the effect of rising of the salt and mineral content of the lake?

18. Why was the fishing industry completely destroyed along the Aral Sea?

19. What are the reasons of partial depopulation of the Aral Sea area?

20. What do you think causes the health problems of the people in the region?

21. How does the drying up of the lake affect the climate?

22. Give sonic information about the «Greater Sea» and the «Smaller Sea».

23. What was the total area of the Aral Sea by 1992?

24. How many metres had the sea level dropped by 1992?

25. What countries established a joint committee to coordinate efforts to save the Aral Sea.

Exercise: Which facts are connected with the following numerals?

23-25 degrees above zero C; 7 degree below zero C; 53 in. above sea level: an area of 68,000 square km.; 1000 islands of the size of one hectare: from about 1960: by the 1980s; by the late 1980 s: by 1989; in the 1950s: by 1992; reduced by approximately 33.800 square km.; dropped by about 15m.: in 1994.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Ecology suggests activity!

1. Переведите и сделайте обратный перевод, пожалуйста. Recycle aluminium cans.

Making aluminium from recycled aluminium uses 90% less energy than making aluminium from scratch.

In 1993 alone, aluminium can recycling saved more than 11 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to supply the residential electric needs of New York City for six months.

The energy saved from one recycled aluminium can will operate a television set for three hours.

If you throw an aluminium can out of the train window, it will still litter the Earth up to 500 years later.

When you toss out one aluminium can you waste as much energy as if you'd filled the same can half full of gasoline and poured it onto the ground.

Recycle!!!

2. Сделайте плакаты "Экономьте энергию!", "Перерабатывайте!", "Перерабатывайте алюминиевые банки!". Один - на русском языке, другие - на английском.

Don't Buy Drinks in Plastic Bottles

FACT: Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles every year. These bottles can't be recycled and won't ever degrade.

WHAT TO DO: Only buy soda and other drinks in aluminum cans or glass bottles. Buy milk or juice in cartons. Then recycle them.

Use paper, not plastic

FACT: It takes a whole tree to make about 500 paper grocery bags, plastic bags are worse because they can't be recycled, and the plastic never decompose.

Recycle newspapers

Recycled paper could easily be substituted for virgin paper in many cases without any loss of quality.

Making newspaper from "old" paper uses 30% to 55% less energy making paper from trees; and it reduces air pollution by 95%.

REUSE OLD NEWSPAPERS!!! It takes an entire forest-over 500,000 trees - to supply Americans with their Sunday newspapers every week.

Americans use 50 million tons of paper annually—which means we ca me more than 850 million trees. That means the average American t about 580 pounds of paper each year!

Use less paper

FACT: American offices throw away enough paper every year to build wall 12 feet high across the country. But, right now, we save 200 million paper a year by recycling.

WHAT TO DO: Most paper thrown away in the office just has printing one side. Ask your parents to bring home some of this paper so you can the blank side for writing or drawing, or cut it into smaller sizes and staple together to make note pads.

FACT: It takes 500,000 trees just to make the newspapers we read e Sunday.

WHAT TO DO: Save your family's newspapers. Find out how to recycle newspapers in your area.

3. Make two posters "Recycle newspapers": one in English and another in Russian.

Don't throw your old batteries in the trash

FACT: Americans throw out 2.5 billion pounds of batteries a year. Toxic chemicals in batteries can be released into the environment, especially if they are burned.

WHAT TO DO: Save your old batteries and take them to a recycling centre.

4. Make posters on every topic, for example, "Pick Up Litter".

Pick up litter

FACT: Litter is not only ugly, but it can be harmful to wildlife. Small animals can get hurt on sharp cans or broken bottles.

WHAT TO DO: Pick up litter you see as you are walking. Throw away trash. Recycle bottles and cans.

Save water

Find the Leaky Toilets in Your House.

FACT: A leaky toilet can waste 20,000 gallons of water a year. That's enough to fill up a swimming pool.

Find the leaky faucets in your house

FACT: A leaky faucet can waste 3,000 gallons of water a year.

WHAT TO DO: Check all the faucets in your house.

Check the ones outside, too, where the garden hose is. Make sure that it is turned off, then watch for a minute to make sure that there are no drips. If there are, get someone to fix it.

Water the lawn early in the morning

FACT: If you water the lawn in the middle of the day when the sun is hot, most of the water evaporates before it gets to the roots.

WHAT TO DO: It is best to water the lawn in the coolest part of the day. The best time to water is early in the morning, before the sun gets hot.

Turn out the lights and appliances when you are not using them

FACT: The electric company burns coal to produce the energy that keeps your lights on. That burning coal gives off gases that cause the greenhouse effect and acid rain.

WHAT TO DO: Turn off the lights when you leave the room, and turn off the lights in the room that you really don't need. In the daytime, sit closer to the window to read instead of turning on a light. Turn off the TV or the stereo when you aren't watching or listening.

Dear boys and girls!

Take care of your motherland. Don't cut the wild flowers. They may all disappear. Plant one oak tree a year. From one oak a forest grows. It is very simple. Put one acorn (желудь) into the land. Never throw or break glass bottles. You damage the land. Take only what you need from the land. Give more to the land than what you take.

5. Допишите, пожалуйста, те добрые советы, которые дали и дают вам ваши родные и близкие. Спасибо.

Участвуйте в охране природы:

Найдите наиболее загрязненные места в вашей округе и сфотографируйте их.

Организуйте кампанию в своей школе по их очистке.

Сделайте плакаты и призывы для рекламы вашей кампании по очистке. Используйте для этого фотографии.

Напишите статью в школьную газету.

Поступите так, ведь вы любите свою родину!

Пусть экологические проблемы станут достоянием гласности, вашей каждодневной заботой.

6 Хорошая ли у вас память? Заполните этот лист.

HOW LONG LITTER LASTS

CHOICES                            OBJECTS                    ANSWERS ■

2 months                                traffic ticket                    ________

1 month 4

3 months

up to 2 months                       banana peel                    ________

up to 4 months

up to 6 months

1 year                                    wool sock                      ________

4 years

3 years

6 years                                   wooden stake                 ________

4 years

3 years

5 years                                   wax paper cup                ________

1 year

3 years

10 years                                 painted wooden              ________

15 years stake

13 years

200 years                               tin can                            ________

100 years

150 years

up to 300 years                      aluminum can                 ________

up to 400 years                      plastic bottle

up to 500 years

forever                                   glass container                ________

1000 years

10 years

Unit II.
Bad Habits

SMOKING AND CANCER

I. Say whether the following statements are true or false according to the information given in the passage.

1. According to 1970 figures there are twice as many men smokers as women smokers in the United States.

2. In 1939 numerous scientific studies proved smoking causes fatal diseases.

3. In spite of consistent evidence that smoking is most probably a serious health risk, scientists are still not in a position to prove absolutely that it actually causes life-shortening diseases.

4. Some research workers in the field of smoking and disease do not believe smoking to be necessarily an important factor in the development of cancer of the longs and larynx.

5. Female smokers are probably less affected by heart disease because they inhale the smoke less deeply.

6. A small number of physicians and research workers think that the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may be caused by other factors in the complex human environment.

7. One of the major difficulties of research into human health problems is the difficulty of isolating particular, individual factors from the complex human environment.

8. Tobacco smoke is a mixture of two poisonous gases.

9. Since the elements of tobacco smoke are deposited in large amounts at the point where the bronchus divides, and since this is the point where most long cancer starts, we can logically conclude that tobacco smoking is definitely the cause of long cancer.

10. Cigar and pipe smokers consume marginally less nicotine than cigarette smokers.

II. VOCABULARY

Find the following words in the passage and select the meaning you think is most likely to correspond among the choices given.

1. roughly

a) approximately               c) impolitely

b) rudely                          d) exactly

2. consistent

a) slow                             c) steadily similar

b) conclusively proved     d) mixed

3. dwindling

a) insignificant                  c) decreasing

b) increasing                    d) investigating

4. processed

a) factory treated              c) stored

b) hygienically packed      d) constructed

5. pesticides

a) fertilizers                      c) pest killers

b) animal foods                d) weed killers

6. develop

a) are attacked by             c) progress

b) encourage                    d) improve

7. deposits

a) accumulations              c) savings

b) protective coatings       d) gases

8. concentration

a) irritation                       c) attention

b) maximum build-up       d) division

9. amputation

a) cutting off                    c) curing

b) disease                        d) discomfort

10. marginally

a) greatly                          c) unevenly

b) slightly                         d) written in the margin

III. MISSING WORD SUMMARY Fill in the numbered blanks from the selection of words given below. The correct choices will complete the sense of this summary of the reading passage.

In 1970 nearly half the ___________ (1) population of the U.S.A. were smokers, in___________ (2) the fact that medical research has shown beyond reasonable doubt that smoking is associated with poor health. One very important disease with ___________ (3) smoking is thought to be connected, is ___________ (4).___________ (5), a few doctors think such things as bronchitis and cancer have other ___________ (6), ___________ (7) their view is not well-supported statistically.

Although all forms of ___________ (8) are almost certainly dangerous, cigarettes appear to be the most harmful.

1. a) male                b) total                  c) adult

2. a) addition to      b) spite of             c) agreement with

3. a) whom             b) what                 c) which

4. a) bladder           b) cancer              c) oral cavity

5. a) However         b)Also                  c) Indeed

6. a) results             b) effects              c) causes

7. a) and                 b) but                   c) so

8. a) disease            b) smoking           c) cancer

These texts may help you in your discussion. Read the views of people against smoking in public.

Unit III.
Healthy life style

KEEPING FIT

Read the following texts and do a project on what fitness means to you. What is your idea of being fit?

WHAT IS MY OPINION OF KEEPING FIT?

Everything is determined by your lifestyle. How much time (as well as money) you spend on food and how much exercise you get - these can regulate the balance between food and fitness. But some people run to extremes: eating for them is the surest way to an early grave. They spend their lifetime fighting a battle with their tummies; they often keep to a diet and exhaust themselves doing exercises; they are always hungry. You cannot be hungry and happy at the same time. What are all these tortures for?

Saintly people ate little in order to obtain God's grace. Unsightly people do so to obtain a state of the so-called "beauty". But what is beauty? In my opinion, nobody can answer this question exactly. So, many people - many opinions.

For example, let's take a woman's beauty. In the Middle Ages a beautiful woman first of all had to be fat. Slim women were not in fashion. In the 18—19th centuries fat women were not considered so beautiful. As for beauty today...well, I think there are no definite ideals about it.

All people are different: fat or slim, white or coloured, fair or dark-haired, tall or short. Really, it is very difficult to find a person who is pleased with his/her appearance - Especially women. Those with dark hair want their hair fair; people with smooth hair make their hair curly; those who were rewarded by nature with locks carefully uncurl and smooth them with different gels and foams.

But I believe beauty has to be both physical and spiritual. What do I mean when writing of spiritual beauty? I mean the beauty of the inner world of a person: kindness, responsibility, willingness to help, friendliness, and other traits of character. Such a person will give warmth to the people that surround him/her. In my opinion, a really beautiful person combines physical beauty with good traits of character.

Text3

NINE WAYS FOR GROWING OLD WHILE STAYING YOUNG

1. Exercise keeps you young.

2. Eat for health.

3. Is your weight ideal?

4. Keep your skin young.

5. Limit alcoholic drinks.

6. Smoking ages you prematurely.

7. Identify illness early when it can be treated.

8. Deal with stress positively.

9. Think young and keep your mind active.

Health

Are you the healthy-eating, clean-living, sporty type? Or are you destroying yourself with cigarettes, alcohol and junk food?

Do you carry on with life through headaches, colds or flu?

Or are you a hypochondriac who goes straight to the doctor if you're feeling a bit tired?

Whatever your type, we all love hearing about other people's Illnesses and accidents.

FITNESS & HEALTH

THE FITNESS REVOLUTION

HOW CAN I MEASURE MY OWN FITNESS LEVEL?

The simplest way is to take your pulse. Here's how.

(a) Put two fingers across your right wrist.

(b) Relax.

(c) Count the number of beats you can feel in the next fifteen seconds.

(d) Multiply the number of beats by four to get your pulse rate per minute.

(e) Check your answer on the chart below.

PULSE RATE WHEN RELAXED LEVEL OF FITNESS

(beats per minute)

80 or more..........................Poor

70-79....................................Fair

60-69....................................Good

50-59..............................Very good

Under 50.........................Excellent

PEOPLE TALK ABOUT “AEROBIC EXERCISE”. WHAT IS AEROBIC EXERCISE?

It's any activity during which your pulse goes up to a minimum of 140 beats per minute for at least twenty minutes. Jogging, swimming, cycling and football are all aerobic. It's not enough to jog, swim or cycle only once or twice a month.

To improve your heart and lung capacity you need to do an aerobic activity three times per week.

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO PREPARE FOR EXERCISE IF YOU'RE NOT USED TO IT?

If you're a beginner, it's very important to make sure that...

(a) the activity you've chosen suits your level of fitness (e.g. don't play squash for an hour if you're totally unfit).

(b) you're wearing sensible clothes and shoes.

(c) you warm-up slowly and gradually before you start the activity itself.

WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS INSIDE THE BODY DURING EXERCISE?

A lot! Your heartbeat goes up from an average of 60/70 beats per minute to an average of 160/170. The amount of blood being pumped by your heart triples. You breathe deeper and three times more often than usual. Extra blood is sent to your muscles. You lose water due to sweating. You feel good because your body releases chemicals called endorpbins.

But too much exercise can be just as bad for you as too little. Exhaustion and muscle injuries are just two of the possible problems.

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF BEING FIT?

There are lots. Fitness...

reduces the risk of heart attacks.

increases strength, stamina and suppleness.

means that you sleep better and don't get tired so easily.

helps you to lose weight.

increases the size and tone of your muscles.

makes you feel healthier, happier and more positive.

When dieting becomes dying

THE DANGERS OF DIETING

You read about the dangers of drastic diets.

Now choose the correct word from those

below to put into each space

in the text below.

a. CRAVE

b. BINGE

с SKINNY

d. CHUBBY

e. FULL

f. STARVING

g. PUT ON

h. SKIP

The mistake a lot of people make when they are on a diet is to _____________ (1) entire meals. This is wrong because later that day they are ______________ (2) and are desperate for something to eat. They are so hungry that they _____________ (3) on junk food and this makes them fatter and is not good for their bodies because the person then eats too much. This makes them ___________ (4) weight.

People often think that if they lose a lot of weight, it will make them very attractive. However, in many cases, it just makes the person look ___________ (5).

Many people are not exactly fat, they are just _____________ (6) but they are convinced that they are drastically overweight. When they are on a diet, many people _____________ (7) chocolate. 'Would you like any more food?'

'No thanks, I'm __________________(8)'

Food and Diet

Britney's advice to girls:

There is so much pressure on girls to look a certain way, but you know what? The way I see it, the thing that makes girls most attractive is being happy and relaxed with themselves. The secret is to like what you've been given. I think you should stop trying to be like other girls and start appreciating your good points. Do you really need to diet? I prefer to eat a healthy diet and get plenty of exercise - when I'm touring I do 1 hour 30 minutes of dancing. I try to focus on my good points. Maybe you could also try to value yourself more and the fact that you're unique.

Here are sample questions to be discussed:

1. Why was our perfectionist really depressed?

2. Why did her boyfriend break up with her?

3. How did she decide to keep fit?

4. What does the girl advise? Do you agree with her? Why or why not?

5. What is Britney's point of view on keeping fit?

6. What is your opinion on the problem?

There is another interesting article from "English Learner's Digest" (No. 23,2003) dealing with health solutions, considering fasting as a method of weight-loss. Such additional materials make the lesson more educational, containing lots of up-to-date problems. The text isn't large and is easy to understand.

A Fast Way to Detox?

Suggested questions for discussion:

1. Does fasting clean you body? Why? Why not?

2. Is fasting a good weight-loss method?

3. What should you-do to feel well when fasting?

4. Would you fast yourself or advise your friend to as a method of losing weight? Why? Why not?

Such are the methods I apply in m\ job to persuade teenagers of the necessity of keeping fit. playing sports. doing exercises and eating the right food in order to be energetic, strong. organised, and optimistic.

TO BE OR NOT TO BE A VEGETARIAN

I. Select the answer which is most accurate according to the information given in the passage.

1. A strict vegetarian

a) rarely eats animal products.

b) sometimes eats eggs.

c) never eats any animal products.

d) never eats protein.

2. We feel weak when we go without meat and other animal products

a) because we are reducing our food intake.

b) because we do not get enough protein.

c) because vegetables do not contain protein.

d) unless we take plenty of exercise.

3. Proteins are built up from

a) approximately twenty different foods.

b) about twenty different vegetables.

c) various fats and sugars.

d) about twenty different amino-acids.

4. Physiologically, life-long vegetarianism may not be good because

a) it makes people very thin.

b) the body must process too much waste.

c) the farmers lose money.

d) vitamin-deficiency diseases may result.

5. One thing in favour of vegetarianism is that

a) vegetable food is easier to digest.

b) animal food is less expensive.

c) vegetable food is cheaper.

d) it is good for the digestion.

6. The body's daily need for protein is

a) 90 grams.

b) 50 grams.

c) 70 grams.

d) at least 100 grams.

7. The digestive organs can comfortably deal with

a) any quantity of food per day.

b) less than 70 grams of food per day.

c) a limited quantity of food per day.

d) any amount of vegetable foods.

8. Vegetarianism is not suitable for growing children because they

a) need more protein than vegetables can : supply.

b) cannot digest vegetables.

c) use more energy than adults.

d) cannot easily digest milk and milk products.

9. Slow and careful cooking of meat

a) preserves the vitamins.

b) breaks down the vitamins.

c) makes it easier to digest.

d) reduces the protein content.

10. Most nutrition experts today believe the food we eat should contain

a) more meat than vegetables.

b) more vegetables than meat.

c) fruit, cereals and fish as well as meat and vegetables.

d) as many different kinds of vegetables as possible.

II. Fill in the numbered blanks from the selection of words given below. The correct choices will complete the sense of this summary of the reading passage.

A strict vegetarian is a person who (1) ____ himself of any animal product. The danger of (2) ______ this is that one may (3) _________ get enough protein. Vegetables (4) _________ contain protein, however, and vegetarians claim that they need (5) _________ than the 70. grams per day that some dieticians suggest (6) _________. Growing children definitely need milk and milk products, so a (7) _________ diet is the only satisfactory form of (8) _________ for them.

1. a) prevents                   b) deprives                     c) allows

2. a) making                     b) doing                         c) having

3. a) no                            b) not                             c) perhaps

4. a) do                            b) do not                        c) seldom

5. a) far more          b) far less                       c) not less

6. a) necessarily                b) necessity                    c) necessary

7. a) strict vegetarian         b) non-vegetarian            c) lacto-vegetarian

8. a) vegetable                  b) vegetarian                   c) vegetarianism

OPTIMISTS LIVE LONGER

I. Listen to the text and mark the answer as true (T) or false (F).

What is the best way to be strong and healthy? There are many answers to this question. It is good to eat healthy food: fruit, vegetables and to drink a lot of milk. It is also good for you to practise sports and always go to sleep at the same time. Happy people are usually healthy and optimistic. They smile a lot and are nice to others. Don't worry about things because optimists live longer. You can keep a pet or look after plants. You think it isn't interesting? You prefer roller skating? O.K! It is important to do things you really love and to have fun.

1. There is only one way to be healthy.____

2. Strong and healthy people eat only fruit and vegetables. _

3. It is good to do sports.____

4. Healthy people are nice to others and they smile a lot.__

5. Optimists are always healthy.____

6. Strong and healthy people do things they like very much.

II. Listen to the sentences, put the sentences in the correct order and make a dialogue.

a. Do you do any sports?

b. No, I don't have any friends.

с But I like eating chips and watching TV. And you?

d. Me neither. People say I'm always pessimistic.

e. Oh, it's boring. I don't like them.

f Me neither. My father always wins.

g. I’m Tim.

h. Bad luck... Do you like meeting friends?

i No, I don't like any sports.

j. Me too. How about playing computer games?

k. They say the same about me.

l Really? Let's be friends then. I'm Tom. And you? .

The London Marathon

Personality test

How fit are you?

Are you fit enough to run a marathon? Try our quiz to find out what kind of fitness personality you are.

1 Your bus passes you as you are walking to the bus stop. What do you do?

a) I run for die bus stop and arrive there at the same time as the bus. All the passengers are looking at me in amazement and cheering.

b) I run for the bus stop and arrive there panting and sweating just as the bus is leaving.

с) I continue walking. There'll be another bus in half an hour and I don't want to get all sweaty and out of breath.

2 You and your friends are deciding how to spend the afternoon. Which activity would you prefer to do?

a) Play basketball

b) Go bowling

с) Watch a video

3 Your friend lives in a flat on the eighth floor. You want to visit him but when you arrive, you discover that the lift is out of order. What's your reaction?

a) It doesn't matter. I always walk up the stairs anyway.

b) It'll do me good to walk up the stairs for once.

с), Ah well. I'll visit again when the lift's working

4 What's your attitude towards sport?

a) I'm good at sport and I'm in several teams.

b) I enjoy playing sport at school.

с) I hate all sport and I don't do sport if possible.

5 You are on a school trip and there is an organised climb to the top of a mountain. What do you do?

a) Take the whole thing extremely seriously — I want to be the first at the top!

b) Stop regularly and complain frequently.

с) Sneak away and spend die afternoon in a cafe eating cakes.

Answer:

Mostly as: You are extremely fit and with a little training you probably could run a marathon. Mostly bs: You are an active person so you are quite fit. To become really fit you need more dedication. Mostly cs: You are very lazy and you aren't fit at all. Get out of your chair and start exercising!

Stress in Our Lives

Job stress

Such things as our general living conditions, our way of life, whether we live in a town or in the country, etc affect the amount of stress we suffer. However, the biggest single influence on stress is, very often, the job we do. Arrange this list of jobs and professions in the order of their stress potential. Add to die list any two particularly stressful or unstressful jobs that you know of.

a farmer on a small mountain farm                 an actor

a long-distance lorry driver                            a journalist

a housewife, mother of three children            a miner

a managing director                                        a road-worker working with a pneumatic drill

a politician                                                    a gardener

a teacher in a secondary school                     a train-driver

a university professor                                   a fireman

a lawyer                                                       a traveling salesman

a bar tender in a pub                                       a worker on the production line in a factory

a writer                                                         a taxi driver in a large town

Major life events

Major life events also contribute to the stress in our lives. This type of stress can be measured on Dr. Rahe's scale. Work through this scale and calculate your scores

1. Death of spouse ___________________________________________ 100

2. Divorce __________________________________________________ 73

3. Marital separation __________________________________________ 65

4. Tail term _________________________________________________ 63

5. Death of dose family member _________________________________ 63

6. Personal injury or illness ____________________________________ 53

7. Marriage _________________________________________________ 50

8. Fired at work ______________________________________________ 47

9. Marital reconciliation _______________________________________ 45

10. Retirement ______________________________________________ 45

11. Change in health of family member ___________________________ 44

12. Pregnancy _______________________________________________ 40

13. Gain of new family member _________________________________ 39

14. Business readjustment ______________________________________39

15. Change in financial state ___________________________________ 38

16. Death of close friend ______________________________________ 37

17. Change to different line of work _____________________________ 36

18. Change in number or arguments with spouse ____________________ 35

19. A large mortgage or loan ___________________________________ 31

20. Son or daughter leaving home _______________________________ 29

21. Trouble with in-laws ______________________________________ 29

22. Outstanding personal achievement ____________________________ 28

23. Spouse begins or stops work _________________________________ 26

24. Begin or end school or college _______________________________26

25. Change in living conditions _________________________________ 25

26. A change in personal habits _________________________________ 24

27. Trouble with the boss ______________________________________ 23

28. Change in work hours or conditions __________________________ 20

29. Change in residence _______________________________________ 20

30. Change in school or college _________________________________ 20

31. Change in recreation ______________________________________ 19

32. Change in church activities _________________________________ 19

33. Change in social activities _________________________________ 18

34. A moderate mortgage or loan _______________________________ 17

35. Change in sleeping habits __________________________________ 16

36. Change in number of family get-togethers  _____________________ 15

37. Change in eating habit _____________________________________ 15

38. Holiday _________________________________________________ 13

39. Christmas ______________________________________________ 12

40. Minor violation of the law __________________________________ 11

What it means

Below 60: Your life has been unusually free from stress lately. 60 to 80: You have had a normal amount of stress recently. This score is average for the ordinary wear and tear of life.

80 to 100: The stress in your life is a link high, probably because of one recent event.

100 upwards Pressures are piling up, either at home or work, or both. You are under serious stress, and die higher you score above 100 die worse the strain.